The condition in which the spot price of a commodity exceeds the price of a future in that commodity.

The analysis of the level of sales at which a project would break even. This may or may not include opportunity cost of capital.

All those costs, whether fixed or variable, that are actually incurred as cash, rather than as entries in a ledger (e.g. depreciation) when production is proceeding.

A bond issued by a company that can be converted into shares in that company during the life of the bond. The holder has the right, but not the obligation, to convert the bond into shares.

Means with dividend.

Means with rights.

An asset that will normally be turned into cash within a year.

A liability that will normally be repaid within a year.

The reduction in the book or market value of an asset; or the portion of an investment that can be deducted from taxable income.

The rate used to calculate the present value of future cash flows.

Is when future cash flows are discounted by a discount rate to obtain a present value.

The payment by a company to its stockholders.

The annual dividend divided by the share price.

The agreement between two countries that taxes paid abroad can be offset against domestic taxes levied on foreign dividends

Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation.

The market capitalisation plus net debt (gross debt less cash and cash equivalents).

Earnings per share. This is calculated by dividing the profit (or “underlying earnings”) by the weighted average number of shares in issue

The in/out flow of cash on a one-off basis.

The purchase of shares in which the buyer is not entitled to the forthcoming dividend.

The purchase or sale of forward foreign currency in order to offset a known future cash flow.

Cash left after taxes, interest charges and capital expenditure have been paid and acquisitions and disposals have been made

Buying one security and selling another in order to reduce risk. A perfect hedge produces a riskless portfolio.

The minimum acceptable rate of return on a project.

A ratio showing the number of times interest charges are covered by earnings before interest and tax (EBIT)

The London Interbank Offered Rate. This is the rate of interest in the short-term wholesale market in which banks offer to lend money to each other,

The number of shares in issue multiplied by the share price.

Is used to measure a project's net contribution to the wealth of the group. It is the present value of the project minus initial investment.

Financing that is not shown as a liability on a company’s balance sheet.

The share price divided by earnings per share.

Earnings not paid out as dividends.

Weighted Average Cost of Capital.

The tax levied on dividends paid abroad.